新一轮税改致力于完成的六大任务

启动新一轮税制改革,首先必须明确它所要完成的任务。这些任务包括:恰当界定宏观税负水平;政府收入行为及其机制的规范化;融入经济全球化;与财政安排体系相协调;税收中性与税收调控相结合;提升国家竞争力。     

关于宏观调控若干问题的思考

宏观调控是一个中性概念。宏观调控本身就包含了限制与发展、紧缩与扩张、后退与前进几方面的内容。1992年正式提出向建立社会主义市场经济体制过渡以后，市场经济意义的宏观调控逐步走上历史舞台。从1993年到2003年，中国经济经过了紧缩性和扩张性两轮正相反的宏观调控。目前，中国经济进入新一轮的上升周期。此轮宏观调控转向“中性”政策。所谓“中性”政策，是相对于扩张性政策和紧缩性政策而言的，是一种有保有压、有紧有松、上下微调、松紧适度的政策。“软着陆”的经济含义是，国民经济的运行经过一段过度扩张以后，平稳地回落到适度增长区间。目前，中国的经济增长率和物价上涨率都在正常区间，所以整体上不存在所谓“软着陆”问题。     

机械设备故障监测与诊断系统综述

主要介绍了机械设备故障监测与诊断系统以及故障诊断的常用方法，并分析各种诊断方法的优缺点，最后简要指出了故障诊断技术的发展方向。     

Valuing and Pricing Retail Leases with Renewal and Overage Options

We consider retail leases with landlord overages options, with tenant renewal options, with both and with neither. We illustrate how the ratio of initial expected sales to the sales threshold can be manipulated to equate the value of the landlord overage options to that of the tenant renewal option at the same initial rent. Not only are the values equal, but the cumulative distributions of potential IRRs on the two leases are nearly identical, suggesting that these leases are equally attractive to risk-averse investors and thus that the same risky discount rate can be used in valuing the leases. In contrast, the appropriate risky discount rate for the overage lease is calculated to be 75–160 basis points greater than that for the renewal lease.     

What caused Japan’s Great Stagnation in the 1990s? Evidence from an estimated DSGE model

Despite the widespread belief that Japan’s “Great Stagnation” in the 1990s is due to the financial dysfunction after the collapse of asset price bubbles, Hayashi and Prescott (2002) argue that its main cause is a slowdown in total factor productivity growth, using a calibrated neoclassical growth model. The present paper aims to fill this gap by estimating a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model augmented with a financial accelerator mechanism and associated financial shocks. Our estimation results show that even in the presence of the financial shocks an adverse neutral technology shock mainly induced the Great Stagnation and that the rate of neutral technological change is strongly correlated with all enterprises’ financial position in the Tankan. Based on these findings, the paper argues that the Great Stagnation was caused by an adverse neutral technology shock that is likely to represent a tightening of firms’ financing, which induced reduction of R&D investment and misallocation of resources as indicated in previous literature.     

基于径向基函数神经网络的物流企业供应链合作伙伴选择研究

提出了物流供应链企业合作伙伴选择问题的多目标决策模型,结合物流企业的行业特点,设计了符合物流企业供应链特点的合作伙伴选择指标体系,从伙伴关系、伙伴特性和合作柔性三个方面对物流企业供应链合作伙伴进行分析,将伙伴分类为核心伙伴、重要伙伴、潜力伙伴、基础伙伴,通过构造基于径向基函数神经网络的选择模型对合作伙伴进行归类选择。通过实证研究,结果表明该方法有效、实用。     

Forward-neutral valuation relationships for options on zero coupon bonds

This paper extends the literature on Risk-Neutral Valuation Relationships (RNVRs) to derive valuation formulae for options on zero coupon bonds when interest rates are stochastic. We develop Forward-Neutral Valuation Relationships (FNVRs) for the transformed-bounded random walk class. Our transformed-bounded random walk family of forward bond price processes implies that (i) the prices of the zero coupon bonds are bounded below at zero and above at one, and (ii) negative continuously compounded interest rates are ruled out. FNVRs are frameworks for option pricing, where the forward prices of the options are martingales independent of the market prices of risk. We illustrate the generality and flexibility of our approach with models that yield several new closed-form solutions for call and put options on discount bonds.     

Debt monetization,inflation, and the ‘neutral’ interest rate

The main purpose of this study is to explore the potential expansionary effect stemming from the monetization of debt. We develop a simple macroeconomic model with Keynesian features and four sectors: creditor and debtor households, businesses, and the public sector. We show that such expansionary effect stems mainly from the reduction in the financial cost to servicing the public debt. The efficacy of the channel that operates allegedly through the compression of the risk/term premium on securities is found to be ambiguous. Finally, we show that countries that issue their own currency can avert getting stuck in a structural ‘liquidity trap’ provided their central banks are willing to monetize the debt created by a strong enough fiscal expansion.     

Bayesian forecasting and portfolio decisions using dynamic dependent sparse factor models

We extend the recently introduced latent threshold dynamic models to include dependencies among the dynamic latent factors which underlie multivariate volatility. With an ability to induce time-varying sparsity in factor loadings, these models now also allow time-varying correlations among factors, which may be exploited in order to improve volatility forecasts. We couple multi-period, out-of-sample forecasting with portfolio analysis using standard and novel benchmark neutral portfolios. Detailed studies of stock index and FX time series include: multi-period, out-of-sample forecasting, statistical model comparisons, and portfolio performance testing using raw returns, risk-adjusted returns and portfolio volatility. We find uniform improvements on all measures relative to standard dynamic factor models. This is due to the parsimony of latent threshold models and their ability to exploit between-factor correlations so as to improve the characterization and prediction of volatility. These advances will be of interest to financial analysts, investors and practitioners, as well as to modeling researchers.     

构建我国中性税制的设想

目前,我国财政政策已由“积极”转向“稳健”,税收作为财政的一个重要组成部分,应积极响应财政政策。我国现阶段通过以减税为特征的税种“中性化”来构建的“中性税制”,既符合市场经济发展的要求,又不会影响到财政收入,而且能积极响应稳健财政政策的实施。构建我国现阶段“中性税制”,必须“充分体现税收中性,并适当坚持税收调控”这一核心。